Feb. 13, 1960

Students, many of them students from Fisk University, began sit-ins in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. In the months that followed, more than 150 were arrested. 

Rather than pay fines, the students served their time in jail. When a mayor’s committee suggested separate “Black” and “White” sections at the lunch counters, the students balked. 

Two months later, a bomb exploded, nearly destroying the home of Z. Alexander Looby, the defense attorney representing many protesters. Later that day, more than 3,000 marched to city hall. 

Diane Nash asked the mayor if it was wrong for a citizen of Nashville to discriminate on the basis of color. The mayor admitted it was wrong. Confronted about the lunch counters, the mayor acknowledged they should be desegregated. Weeks later, six downtown stores desegregated their lunch counters, serving Black customers for the first time. 

James Lawson, who knew the principles of nonviolent resistance, led the students, many of whom became important leaders in the civil rights movement: Nash, John Lewis, James Bevel, C.T. Vivian, Marion Barry and Bernard Lafayette. David Halberstam captured their story in his book, “The Children.”

This article first appeared on Mississippi Today and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.

A bill that would allow some Mississippi parents to use taxpayer money to pay for private school does not have the support to pass this session, House leaders said Wednesday.  

The early demise of one of Republican House Speaker Jason White’s top policy priorities came after proponents and opponents battled to sway lawmakers. As outside forces lobbied lawmakers, they were themselves engaged in closed-door jockeying. In a private House Republican caucus meeting on Tuesday, White discovered the GOP majority could not reach an agreement.

“You probably won’t see us take up that bill,” White said on Wednesday. “We don’t have a consensus.”

House Education Chairman Rob Roberson’s legislation, House Bill 1433, would have allowed students who were enrolled in a district rated D or F within the past five years to use the state portion of their base student cost — money that would normally go to their local public school — and use it to pay for private school tuition. Students could only use the money at a private school if there were not an A- or B-rated district willing to accept them within 30 miles of their home.

Proponents of the legislation said it would give parents greater autonomy to customize their children’s education. White touted the proposal as a key component in a package of education bills that align with President Donald Trump’s executive order promoting “school choice.”

“School choice, whether anybody in this circle or this Capitol likes it, is coming,” White said. “You have a president who was elected with a national mandate who has made it one of his top priorities. You have a ruby red state in Mississippi who voted overwhelmingly for President Trump.”

The bill also prompted consternation among opponents, who argued the proposed law was unconstitutional and could undermine public schools serving some of the state’s neediest students. The legislation also does not cover transportation costs for students who wish to transfer to schools outside their home district, an omission that Democrats said would limit opportunities for poor families.

But ideological and practical disagreements among House Republicans ultimately sank the bill. Some Republicans felt it didn’t go far enough and wanted universal school choice. Others wanted to start with a pilot program. And there was a cloud of uncertainty around the Trump administration, which has floated eliminating the U.S. Department of Education and making drastic spending cuts.

READ MORE: Sending taxpayer money to private schools advances in Mississippi House

“So we’re all over the place in exactly what it looks like, and it was tough to find consensus on that,” White said. “It seemed like not finding a consensus and then a president who said the federal government is fixing to get involved in this in the way that we send federal money to states, it was probably good for us to hit the pause button and figure out what looks like.”

The bill passed out of the House Education Committee on a voice vote last week after Roberson denied Democrats’ request for a roll call where each member’s vote could be recorded.

In conversations with committee members, three Republicans told Mississippi Today they would have voted no. Five Republicans declined to reveal how they would have voted and two Republicans said they favored advancing the bill out of committee but were unsure how they would have voted had the bill come before the full House. All the Democrats on the committee reached by Mississippi Today said they opposed the bill.

Rep. Dana McLean, a Republican from Columbus, walked out of the committee meeting when the bill came up for debate. McLean declined to comment on how she would have voted on the measure and walked away from reporters when pressed for more specifics. McLean will likely have to run in a special election this year because of redistricting.

Opponents said it was clear the bill did not have the votes to advance out of committee, so Roberson advanced the measure on a voice vote with uncertain results. White — who pointed out that voice votes are common practice under the Legislature’s procedures — also acknowledged that members might have wanted to spare themselves from taking a tough vote.

“This won’t surprise you, but some members don’t want to be on the roll call in committee, on both sides of the aisle,” White said.

According to multiple House members, White asked Republican House members to simply advance the measure out of the Committee, but he did not suggest it would pass the full House chamber on the floor.

READ MORE: House passes bill to make switching public K-12 school districts easier

As those discussions between lawmakers were taking place in private, public school advocates waged a furious campaign to scuttle the bill ahead of a Thursday legislative deadline.

Mississippi Professional Educators, the state’s largest teachers union, warned in an email to supporters that pro-school choice lobbyists were polling House members over the weekend on whether they supported House Bill 1433.

They also said the legislation would open the door to a wider-reaching policy in the future that would allow all public school students in the state to use taxpayer money for private schools, not just those who attend D or F rated schools.

“If HB 1433 should make it through the legislative process and be passed into law, it opens the door for universal school choice and vouchers in our state,” wrote Kelly Riley, the union’s executive director.

White confirmed on Wednesday that some Republican House members support such a policy.

The school choice push has been intertwined with debates over race and class in education. Those against school choice say the policies could effectively re-segregate schools. School choice supporters say some high-performing school districts fight school choice measures to avoid accepting students from poor and minority backgrounds.

White said school choice measures — which also include making it easier for students to transfer between public schools and attend charter schools — improve competition and student outcomes.

Even as House Bill 1433 appeared dead, the House passed another bill that would increase the number of charter schools in the state. The bill would allow charter schools to open in an additional 31-35 districts, which Democrats said would further starve existing public schools of resources.

It is not clear whether that bill has enough support to pass the Senate, where school choice measures have been a tougher sell.

This article first appeared on Mississippi Today and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.

Republican Lt. Gov. Delbert Hosemann on Wednesday unveiled a $326 million tax cut package that reduces the state income tax and the sales tax on groceries and raises the gasoline tax to fund road work. 

The plan is more austere than the overhaul the House has proposed. That plan would eliminate the individual income tax in Mississippi over the next decade, raise sales taxes and create a new indexed gasoline tax. The House plan would be a net tax cut of $1.1 billion.

Flanked by Republican senators, Hosemann said the Senate plan would cut taxes over the next four years while allowing the Legislature to spend tax dollars on core government functions such as public education. 

“This needs to be sustainable,” Hosemann said. “A conservative approach to tax reform. Now, just to do things for one year doesn’t mean it’s sustainable. This needs to be sustainable.”

Senate leaders at a Wednesday press conference with Hosemann used the terms “measured, careful, cautious and responsible” when explaining details of the Senate plan.

Hosemann said the Senate plan would within four years reduce Mississippi’s individual income tax to 2.99%, the lowest rate in the nation of states that collect income taxes.

READ MORE: Speaker White frustrated by ‘crickets’ from Senate on tax plan

Legislation for the plan has not yet been filed, but if passed, the proposal would reduce the state’s 7% sales tax on grocery items to 5% in July 2026.

Municipalities currently receive a portion of the state tax collected from grocery sales. Hosemann said the Senate plan would make municipalities whole and allow them to collect the revenue they would typically receive from the state. 

The plan also raises the state’s 18.4-cents-a-gallon gasoline excise by three cents each year over the next three years, eventually resulting in a 27.4 cents per gallon gas tax at completion. The gas tax funds highway infrastructure maintenance and new infrastructure projects. The House plan would create a new 5% sales tax on top of the current excise, which at current rates would cost consumers more at the pump than the Senate plan.

Hosemann’s plan reduces the state’s flat 4% income tax to 2.99% over four years, a component that’s likely to set up a major debate with the House.

The announcement comes after the House passed a plan last month that eliminates the income tax over a decade, cuts the state grocery tax and raises sales taxes and gasoline taxes.

House Speaker Jason White, a Republican from West, has made income tax elimination his top priority this legislative session. He told reporters that even though there were a lot of differences between the House and Senate tax plans, he applauded the Senate for introducing a tax cut plan to allow the two chambers to potentially negotiate a final proposal. 

Last week, White had criticized Hosemann and the House for not having presented a detailed plan, and legislation, with the three-month legislative session nearing the midway point.

“I’m glad they’re in the ballgame,” White said of the Senate plan Wednesday. “They’re in the ballgame, so we’ve got a chance. Mississippians have a chance at a tax cut if the Senate’s in the game, so that’s a positive.”  

READ MORE: House passes $1.1 billion income tax elimination-gas and sales tax increase plan in bipartisan vote

Hosemann said he and his Senate leadership “took our time, to run proformas and make sure this works the way we intend it.”

If the Legislature passes a final tax cut plan, it will head to Republican Gov. Tate Reeves’ desk for consideration. Reeves has encouraged lawmakers to pass legislation to eliminate the income tax, but it remains unclear if he would sign a tax cut package into law that does not fully eliminate the income tax.

This article first appeared on Mississippi Today and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.